In 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians used mud mixed with straws to bind dried bricks. They also used gypsum or lime mortars – obviously applied in building the Pyramids. A Little later in history, the Chinese introduced other cementitious material, which helped them to bind their bamboo together to build boats or join stones forming the Great Wall. By 800 BC, nations from the territories of Rome, Crete and Cyprus, recognized lime mortars as the main building material. This followed by Babylonians’ discovery of bitumen to bind the stones and bricks in 300 BC. Many of the preliminary cementitious products cracked fast when exposed to the daylight. In the 17th century, Romans developed their techniques to Pozzolana Cement, which was a mixture of 1 part of lime and 4 parts of sand with some of the volcanic material found in abundance near the Italian town of Pozzuli. In mid 19th century, Joseph Aspdin introduced Portland cement, product named after Portland (UK) known by its quarries of high quality stones. The kiln entered into the construction industry and in 1886, the first rotary kiln was introduced. The 20th century is marked by a particular boom in the cement industry accompanied by a standardization of basic cement tests in 1900. The demand for cement grew and, consequently, production technology was improved. In the twenties, world cement production was estimated at 60 MMT per annum. This value rose to 133 MMT by mid-century, to reach 1 billion in 1986, and up to 1.8 billion by the beginning of the 21st century. The numbers highlight the ever increasing potential of the cement industry both over the course of history and well into the future.